# Research | This GLP Evidence reviews of the GLP-1 drugs sold online — semaglutide, tirzepatide and what is coming next. Every claim traced to the trial that produced it. Publisher: This GLP Editorial Team Canonical: https://thisglp.com/research Updated: 2026-09-16 Research # Research Evidence reviews of the drugs sold online — semaglutide, tirzepatide, and what the trials behind them actually measured. No secondary summaries: every claim traced to the trial, the label, or the paper of record. [ Interactive tool ## Head-to-head comparisons Two sellers side by side on price, dose disclosure, format and states served — scored on the same rubric. ](https://thisglp.com/compare)[ Interactive tool ## Expected Weight Loss Enter a starting weight and see the published distribution from STEP 1 and SURMOUNT-1 applied to it — not the arm mean every landing page quotes, but how many participants reached each threshold and how many did not. ](https://thisglp.com/tools/glp1-expected-weight-loss) Search research 222 articles - [Safety ### Can You Take Ibuprofen With Ozempic? Check Kidney and Stomach Risks Ozempic does not list a specific ibuprofen prohibition. Dehydration, kidney disease, and your other medicines can change the answer. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-ibuprofen-with-ozempic) - [Safety ### Does Ozempic Cause Diarrhea? Rates, Timing, and When to Call Diarrhea affected about 9 in 100 adults in Ozempic trials. Learn what those figures mean, what to track, and which symptoms need prompt attention. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-ozempic-cause-diarrhea) - [Safety ### Does Ozempic Cause Dizziness? What to Check First Dizziness is listed in Ozempic prescribing information. Low glucose, fluid loss, and other causes need different responses. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-ozempic-cause-dizziness) - [Safety ### Does Wegovy Increase Heart Rate? Understanding the Numbers Wegovy injection trials found a small average rise in resting pulse. Larger changes and symptoms still need individual assessment. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-wegovy-increase-heart-rate) - [Evidence ### Exercise on Ozempic: Building Strength Without Ignoring Symptoms Activity remains useful during semaglutide treatment. The evidence supports a sustainable routine, while injection-day workout rules remain unproven. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/exercise-on-ozempic) - [Safety ### GLP-1 and Eating Disorders: What the Evidence Does and Does Not Show A smaller appetite is not the same as recovery. Learn why eating-disorder history, symptoms, and coordinated care matter before and during treatment. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-and-eating-disorders) - [Safety ### GLP-1 Dehydration Symptoms: What to Watch For Fluid loss from vomiting or diarrhea can become more than a nuisance. Recognize warning signs and prepare a plan that fits your health history. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-dehydration-symptoms) - [Safety ### Can You Smoke Weed on Ozempic? What Cannabis-User Cohorts Found No trial has tested cannabis with Ozempic, and the label does not mention it. Two large cohorts linked GLP-1 drugs to fewer cannabis use disorder diagnoses, which is not the same as measuring use. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-smoke-weed-on-ozempic) - [Safety ### Can You Take Metformin and Ozempic Together? Most Trials Required It SUSTAIN 7, SUSTAIN 8 and SUSTAIN China enrolled only people already on metformin, and an interaction study found semaglutide left metformin levels unchanged. The stomach is where the two drugs overlap. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-metformin-and-ozempic-together) - [Safety ### Can You Take Ozempic With Levothyroxine? The Tablet Form Is the One Studied Thyroxine exposure rose 33% when levothyroxine was taken with oral semaglutide. The Ozempic injection label reports no clinically relevant effect on oral drugs, and weight loss is the other route to watch. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-ozempic-with-levothyroxine) - [Safety ### Can You Take Phentermine With Ozempic? No Trial Has Tested It, One Tried Liraglutide No trial has combined phentermine with semaglutide, and the phentermine label advises against pairing it with any weight-loss drug. Added to liraglutide for 12 weeks, it took off 1.6% against 0.1% on placebo, not a significant gap. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-phentermine-with-ozempic) - [Safety ### Does Ozempic Cause Constipation? What the Trials Counted, and When It Eases Yes: 5.0% on Ozempic 0.5 mg against 1.5% on placebo, and 24.2% on the 2.4 mg weight-loss dose against 11.1%. Nearly all of it was mild to moderate and clustered in the dose-escalation weeks. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-ozempic-cause-constipation) - [Evidence ### Does Ozempic Lower Cholesterol? What the Lipid Results in the Trials Show A little. On semaglutide 2.4 mg, LDL fell 2.5% from 110.3 mg/dL against a 1.3% rise on placebo, while triglycerides fell 21.9%. In type 2 diabetes the LDL effect was 0.16 mmol/L. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-ozempic-lower-cholesterol) - [Safety ### Does Tirzepatide Cause Skin Sensitivity? The Allodynia Reports, Counted Zepbound's trials recorded dysesthesia in 0.2% to 0.4% of people against 0.1% on placebo. Beyond that line, the tirzepatide evidence is one case report and reporting-database signals. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-tirzepatide-cause-skin-sensitivity) - [Safety ### Should You Stop Ozempic Before a Colonoscopy? What Bowel-Prep Studies Found No study has tested whether stopping improves the prep. In one matched cohort, inadequate prep was recorded for 125 of 503 GLP-1 users against 56 of 503 non-users, and three meta-analyses disagree on the size of the effect. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/should-you-stop-ozempic-before-a-colonoscopy) - [Formats ### Where Should You Inject Ozempic? Abdomen, Thigh or Arm Gave the Same Exposure The label allows the abdomen, thigh or upper arm, and a model of 1,612 trial patients found no clinically relevant effect of injection site on semaglutide exposure. Body weight was the only factor that mattered. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/where-should-you-inject-ozempic) - [Safety ### Why Does Ozempic Cause Sulfur Burps? What the Adverse-Event Data Show Burping reached 2.7% on Ozempic 0.5 mg and 7% on Wegovy 2.4 mg in the label trials, against 1% or less on placebo. It is semaglutide's strongest stomach signal in FDA reports. The sulfur smell itself has never been measured. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/why-does-ozempic-cause-sulfur-burps) - [Safety ### Can Tirzepatide Cause Anxiety or Depression? Trials Say No, Records Are Mixed Across 4,056 adults in three SURMOUNT trials, depression scores fell slightly more on tirzepatide than placebo. Anxiety was never scored there, and the record studies split by comparator. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-tirzepatide-cause-anxiety) - [Safety ### Can You Take Ozempic While Breastfeeding? 8 Mothers, No Drug Detected in Milk In the one milk study of injected semaglutide, none of eight mothers had detectable drug in milk. The Ozempic injection label still says there are no data, and the tablet labels advise against breastfeeding. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-ozempic-while-breastfeeding) - [Safety ### Does Zepbound Cause Headaches? Headache Never Made Its Side-Effect Table Across 2,519 adults in the trials behind the label, headache did not reach the table of reactions at 2% or more above placebo. Dizziness did, and the reporting databases tell a louder story than the trials. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-zepbound-cause-headaches) - [Safety ### How Long Does Zepbound Stay in Your System? About a Month Tirzepatide's half-life is 5 to 6 days, so five half-lives come to 25 to 30 days. The label's missed-dose, contraception and pregnancy rules all follow from that clock. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-long-does-zepbound-stay-in-your-system) - [Safety ### How Do You Avoid Ozempic Face? No Tested Way to Prevent It The one direct measurement found midface volume down a median 9.0% in 20 people on a GLP-1, about 7% per 10 kg lost. Slower loss, protein and exercise have never been tested against the face. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-to-avoid-ozempic-face) - [Evidence ### Does Semaglutide Help Type 1 Diabetes? What Two Small Trials Found Total daily insulin fell 22.6% and time in range rose 4.8 points without more hypoglycemia. It is off-label, both trials were small, and two people developed ketosis at normal glucose. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-in-type-1-diabetes) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Depression or Anxiety? The Trials Say No, the Records Say Yes Randomized trials found depression scores slightly better on semaglutide than placebo. Health records report the opposite, and the comparison group explains most of the gap. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-depression) - [Safety ### GLP-1 Drugs in Pregnancy: What the Evidence Shows, and What It Cannot Across 40,000 exposed pregnancies, malformations were not significantly raised. Both sets of authors call their estimates imprecise, and no GLP-1 drug is approved in pregnancy. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-in-pregnancy-what-the-evidence-shows) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Which Works Better for Weight Loss? In a 72-week randomized trial at weight-management doses, weight fell 20.2 percent on tirzepatide and 13.7 percent on semaglutide. Routine-care studies found a smaller gap, three to four points. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-vs-semaglutide-which-works-better) - [Evidence ### Can a Pill Keep Weight Off After the Injection? ATTAIN-MAINTAIN, Read Carefully A daily tablet held about three quarters of the weight people had already lost. Placebo held about half, and no arm stayed on the injection. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-a-pill-keep-weight-off-after-the-injection) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Work After Bariatric Surgery? Two Randomized Trials Say Yes Semaglutide took off 18.0% where placebo gained 0.4%; liraglutide took off 8.8% where placebo gained 1.1%. Both trials are small, and both untreated groups were still gaining. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-after-bariatric-surgery-evidence) - [Evidence ### Is CagriSema Better Than Semaglutide Alone? By 6.5 Points, Head to Head The trial built to answer it gave both arms 2.4 mg and found 18.4% against 11.9%. Against placebo the combination looks twice as impressive, which is the point. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/is-cagrisema-better-than-semaglutide) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Prevent Stroke? The Composite Moves, Stroke Alone Is Thin The headline cardiovascular results are composites that pool stroke with heart attack and cardiovascular death. Measured on its own, stroke has one small trial its own authors discount. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-prevent-stroke) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide Against Real Clinical Practice: What SURPASS-EARLY Found A rare trial whose control arm was care as doctors actually deliver it, other GLP-1 drugs included. The margin is 0.68 HbA1c points — smaller than a placebo trial, and far more useful. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-vs-real-clinical-practice) - [Evidence ### Retatrutide in Type 2 Diabetes: Why TRANSCEND-T2D-1 Reads Lower Than Phase 2 Weight fell 15.3% at the top dose here, against 24.2% in the phase 2 obesity trial. Different populations over different durations — not a weaker drug. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/retatrutide-transcend-t2d-1) - [Evidence ### Survodutide: What SYNCHRONIZE-1 Found, and Why It Reads Weaker Than Phase 2 Weight fell 13.0% at the top dose over 76 weeks, against 14.9% in the earlier phase 2 trial. The drug did not get worse — the two trials measured different things. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/survodutide-synchronize-1) - [Safety ### Ozempic Teeth: What Has Actually Been Measured, and What Has Not Dry mouth, altered taste, reflux and more cavities are all reported. No study reports a rate, and the route to damaged teeth runs through dryness and acid rather than the drug itself. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/ozempic-teeth) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Alzheimer's? The Trials and the Records Disagree Randomized trials have found no cognitive benefit. Health-record studies report Alzheimer's diagnoses at half the rate. The same records also halve all-cause mortality, which is the clue. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-alzheimers) - [Evidence ### What Happens When You Stop Tirzepatide? SURMOUNT-4 Says 14% Comes Back The trial randomized 670 people to keep taking it or stop. Over the following year the ones who stopped regained 14.0%, and how much each person regained decided how much of the benefit they kept. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-happens-when-you-stop-tirzepatide) - [Safety ### Does Ozempic Cause Hair Loss? What 1,091,743 Records Show Pooled across 1,091,743 exposures, the odds are raised about 40%. The kind of hair loss that goes up points at the weight you lost, not the drug. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-ozempic-cause-hair-loss) - [Formats ### Semaglutide Starting Dose: 0.25 mg, and What Compounding Changes Four weeks at 0.25 mg, then a step every four weeks to 1.7 or 2.4 mg. What changes with a compounded vial is not the milligrams — it is who measures them. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-starting-dose) - [Evidence ### VK2735 Phase 2 VENTURE Trial: 14.7% Weight Loss in 13 Weeks The GIP and GLP-1 dual agonist VK2735 took off up to 14.7% of body weight in a 13-week phase 2 trial. The approved drugs report figures from trials of 68 weeks or longer. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/ninety-three-percent-in-thirteen-weeks) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Prevent Heart Attacks and Strokes? One, Not Both A 52,971-person cohort with a neutral active comparator and two negative control outcomes. Heart attacks fell; strokes did not. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-prevent-heart-attacks-and-strokes) - [Evidence ### Weight-Loss Drugs in Hypertension: What the Cochrane Review Lacked Eight trials, 13,000 people with high blood pressure. The semaglutide and tirzepatide trials reported none of the outcomes the review was built to assess. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/eight-trials-and-nobody-counted-the-deaths) - [Safety ### GLP-1 Use and Bowel Function After Lumbar Fusion: 117 Patients Bowel function returned half a day sooner after spinal fusion in GLP-1 users, in 117 patients at one hospital. The direction contradicts the drug's best-known mechanism. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/the-bowels-woke-up-sooner) - [Evidence ### Does Semaglutide Help Liver Cirrhosis? Not in the Trial That Tested It In 71 people with MASH cirrhosis, fibrosis improved in 11% on semaglutide and 29% on placebo. A larger 2026 trial mixed in earlier stages, and two cohorts disagree on what happens after cirrhosis. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-semaglutide-help-liver-cirrhosis) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Improve Your Quality of Life? 2.12 Points on the SF-36 Cochrane graded the quality-of-life evidence moderate certainty and measured a 2.12-point gain in physical functioning, on a scale running to a hundred. The one place the effect is large is heart failure, and there it belongs almost entirely to the frailest participants. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-improve-quality-of-life) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Blood Clots? No Untreated Group Was Ever Followed Every published comparison ranks one of these drugs against another, never against taking nothing. The effect is small, the method is unusually careful, and the lung clots moved while the leg clots did not. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-blood-clots) - [Evidence ### Can You Take a GLP-1 With Epilepsy? Seizure Risk Did Not Rise A 452,766-person study found a clean, consistent association. Expressed as people rather than ratios, it is one case avoided per sixteen hundred treated. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-a-glp1-with-epilepsy) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs and ERCP Complications: A TriNetX Cohort of 21,818 Pancreatitis, bleeding, sepsis, stricture, cholangitis, repeat procedures: every outcome after ERCP improved by about the same amount with GLP-1 exposure. No drug does that. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/when-a-drug-improves-everything) - [Evidence ### How Many Heart Attacks Could Semaglutide Prevent in the US? Models put it between half a million and 2 million cardiovascular events over a decade, depending on who is counted. Nobody in them took a drug, and each assumes everyone eligible is treated. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-many-heart-attacks-could-semaglutide-prevent) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Work the Same in Asian Patients? The Percentages Match Percentage weight loss came out at 18.16% against 17.92% across Asian and non-Asian trial populations, and the same comparison in kilograms ran 16.72 against 23.46. Only 148 Asian participants received the drug, which is why the authors refuse to call that first result equivalence. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-work-the-same-in-asian-patients) - [Safety ### Is Semaglutide Safe for People With HIV? Four Studies So Far A 108-person trial and two routine-care cohorts found no new safety problem. Visceral fat fell 30.6%, weight fell 6.47 kg, and depression scores did not worsen. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/is-semaglutide-safe-for-people-with-hiv) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Use and Knee Replacement: Absolute Risk at Eight Years A matched database study of people with knee osteoarthritis found 2.80 to 4.71 fewer knee replacements per hundred at eight years, with larger effects for longer use and newer drugs. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/fewer-knee-replacements-eight-years-on) - [Evidence ### Parkinson's Incidence and Motor Symptoms on GLP-1 Drugs: An 82-Study Review In one review of 82 studies, GLP-1 use was linked to lower odds of developing Parkinson's in observational data, while randomized trials found no motor improvement in people who already had it. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/preventing-it-is-not-treating-it) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help IBS? Coded Symptoms Fell by Two to Four Points Diarrhea, constipation, pain and bloating were all coded less often in treated IBS patients. Coded is doing a lot of work in that sentence. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-ibs) - [Evidence ### Does Orforglipron Work for Type 2 Diabetes? Three Phase 3 Trials Yes, on blood sugar. HbA1c fell 1.23 to 1.91 points and the tablet beat placebo, dapagliflozin and oral semaglutide. More people stopped it than stopped either active comparator. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-orforglipron-work-for-type-2-diabetes) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Bipolar Disorder? One Drug Moved, Two Did Not Comparing people against their own untreated periods, psychiatric admissions fell 21% on semaglutide. Liraglutide and dulaglutide showed nothing. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-bipolar-disorder) - [Safety ### Can a GLP-1 Cause Ketoacidosis? 470 Reports, Most of Them Hospitalized Two drugs, 470 reported cases, and hospitalization in roughly three quarters of them. The database cannot say how often it happens. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-a-glp1-cause-ketoacidosis) - [Safety ### Respiratory Side Effects of Weight-Loss Drugs: A Review of 123 Studies A meta-analysis of 123 studies found no excess respiratory adverse events on weight-loss drugs. One of those studies was conducted in people with asthma. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/one-asthma-study-in-a-hundred-and-twenty-three) - [Evidence ### FLOW Trial Cardiovascular Subgroups: Semaglutide's Numbers Needed to Treat The FLOW subgroup analysis publishes numbers needed to treat of 22, 13 and 17, a hazard ratio translated into people. Every interaction test came back null. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/twenty-two-thirteen-seventeen) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide and Serum Uric Acid: A SURMOUNT-1 Post Hoc Analysis Serum urate dropped nearly a milligram per deciliter across 72 weeks on tirzepatide, about three quarters of it explained by weight loss. Gout flares were not an outcome. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/uric-acid-fell-and-most-of-it-was-weight) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide Sleep Apnea Results by Age, BMI and Severity Post hoc SURMOUNT-OSA analyses found apnea events fell in every subgroup. Age, sex, BMI and neck size made little difference; starting severity made a fourfold one, for arithmetic reasons worth understanding. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/apnea-improved-across-every-subgroup) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide in HFpEF by Sex: SUMMIT Trial Results in Women and Men Every treatment-effect comparison by sex in SUMMIT came back null. The one significant interaction was about how the benefit arrives, not who receives it. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/same-benefit-different-route-by-sex) - [Formats ### Is There a GLP-1 Pill That Works? Two Tablets, Two Different Answers Yes, in two forms. Orforglipron cut weight 11.2% and won FDA approval in April 2026. Oral semaglutide cut weight 13.6%, but absorbs at under 1% and is not yet approved for it. 11 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-the-glp1-pill-work-as-well-as-the-injection) - [Evidence ### Can You Take a GLP-1 With a Heart Pump? 141 Pairs, and No Effect Sizes Fewer driveline infections, lower mortality and more transplants, all of it reported as a direction with no magnitude attached, and all of it in people whose GLP-1 prescription predates the operation. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-a-glp1-with-a-heart-pump) - [Evidence ### Mortality in Serious Mental Illness: GLP-1 vs SGLT2 Inhibitors In people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression, four-year mortality was 4.91% on a GLP-1 drug against 6.45% on an SGLT2 inhibitor. The one-year figure in the same paper is not believable. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/a-mortality-gap-in-serious-mental-illness) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide Dose Escalation and Insulin Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes In a 62-patient chart review, total daily insulin fell by 36.9% as semaglutide was escalated to 2 mg, and HbA1c improved rather than slipped. The published confidence intervals do not parse. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/each-dose-step-took-insulin-away) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Intracranial Hypertension? Probably, but Less Than Reported Two meta-analyses agree on direction: less papilledema, at risk ratios of 0.38 and 0.25. One also reports 80% fewer deaths in a condition that rarely kills anybody, which says its effect sizes are inflated. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-intracranial-hypertension) - [Evidence ### Can a Drug Prevent Muscle Loss on a GLP-1? Two Antibodies Tested Not outside a trial. Apitegromab kept 1.9 kg more lean mass on tirzepatide without slowing weight loss, and bimagrumab added lean mass on its own. Neither is approved, and nobody measured strength. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-a-drug-prevent-muscle-loss-on-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### What Is Ecnoglutide? A Phase 3 Result You Cannot Compare to the Others A GLP-1 drug engineered to favor one signaling pathway reached phase 3 and took off 13.2% at week 40. Its entry criteria mean the percentage is not comparable to the ones you have seen. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-is-ecnoglutide) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs at the Start of Hemodialysis: Hospitalization and Death A matched cohort of 2,492 pairs starting in-center hemodialysis linked GLP-1 use to 9% lower hospitalization and 17% lower mortality. The prior literature was 388 patients, and a baseline gap is worth reading first. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/dialysis-the-evidence-base-just-grew) - [Safety ### Are GLP-1 Drugs Safe for Older Adults? Seven Trials, and Who They Left Out Pooled across seven tirzepatide trials, adults 65 and over showed no clinically meaningful difference from placebo on falls, fractures or tolerability. Everyone in them had qualified for a phase 3 trial. 10 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/are-glp1-drugs-safe-for-older-adults) - [Evidence ### Atrial Fibrillation Risk: GLP-1 vs SGLT-2 vs DPP-4 Inhibitors Across 2,171,267 patients, GLP-1 drugs showed no detectable advantage over DPP-4 inhibitors on atrial fibrillation. SGLT-2 inhibitors beat both, and nothing helped recurrence. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/atrial-fibrillation-the-other-drug-won) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide for Heart Failure, With and Without Diabetes In 217,920 matched adults, tirzepatide's heart failure risk ratio favored people without diabetes while the absolute risk difference favored people with it. Both come from the same table. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/bigger-relative-smaller-absolute) - [Evidence ### How Much Less Do You Eat on a GLP-1? About 271 Calories at One Meal Pooled across three trials and 209 participants, energy intake at an observed lunch fell by 1,132 kJ against placebo. Nobody has measured a whole day properly. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-much-less-do-you-eat-on-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide and Effort in Major Depression: A 72-Person Randomized Trial In adults with major depression, semaglutide made people more willing to work for larger rewards. The outcome was a laboratory effort task, not a depression score. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/motivation-in-depression-a-secondary-finding) - [Evidence ### Can You Take a GLP-1 With Sickle Cell Disease? One Cohort, 1,391 Pairs Vaso-occlusive crises ran 36% lower among GLP-1 users in the only matched cohort that exists, but kidney progression, which matters as much in this disease, was measured far too imprecisely to call either way. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-a-glp1-with-sickle-cell-disease) - [Safety ### Can a GLP-1 Cause Thiamine Deficiency? Six Cases Say It Can Every published case began the same way. Prolonged vomiting first. Then rapid weight loss. Then neurological signs. The first two stages are the ones a reader can act on. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-a-glp1-cause-thiamine-deficiency) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Raise the Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia? Not at planned endoscopy, where 210,216 pooled patients showed no significant difference. After emergency stroke treatment, the rate was 26.8% against 10.3%, and the authors say treat anyway. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-aspiration-pneumonia) - [Evidence ### Survodutide in MASH: How Much of the Liver Benefit Was Weight Loss A mediation analysis of a phase 2 survodutide trial split its liver effects in two. Roughly three quarters of the fat reduction tracked weight loss; only a third of the fibrosis improvement did. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/liver-repair-that-was-not-the-weight) - [Evidence ### Obesity Drugs Ranked Across 262 Trials: Weight Lost vs Side-Effect Dropout A network meta-analysis of 262 trials and 99,791 participants produces two rankings, biggest weight loss and highest rate of stopping for side effects. Four drugs appear on both. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/the-best-losers-are-the-worst-tolerated) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Psoriasis? Clear Skin in 40.6% Against 29.0% Added to a biologic in 274 randomized adults, tirzepatide raised complete skin clearance from 29.0% to 40.6%. The trial's headline number is twice that, and half of it was settled at randomization. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-psoriasis) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Acid Reflux? Three Databases Say More Reports Reporting ratios of 2.83, 2.91 and 4.76 across three countries. Exenatide, in the same class, ran inverse at 0.60. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-acid-reflux) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Rheumatoid Arthritis? The Heart Result, Not the Joints Semaglutide was linked to fewer cardiovascular events in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Heart failure accounted for it; death, heart attack and stroke did not budge. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-rheumatoid-arthritis) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Glaucoma? Nobody Untreated Was Ever Compared A 51,540-person comparison found less open-angle glaucoma on tirzepatide than on other GLP-1 drugs. Both arms were treated. Neither figure says what either drug does against taking nothing. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-glaucoma) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs and Overdose Risk: Five Comparators in VA Data The same GLP-1 drugs, the same veterans' database, the same twelve months, and five comparison groups that do not agree. One estimate points the other way. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/overdose-depends-on-the-comparator) - [Evidence ### Alcohol Admissions After Stopping a GLP-1: Swedish Within-Person Data Comparing people against themselves, alcohol-related hospital admissions fell on a GLP-1 and stayed lower for 182 days after stopping. By a year, the difference was gone. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-happens-when-you-stop-drinking-on-it) - [Evidence ### Frailty and Semaglutide's Cardiovascular Benefit in the SELECT Trial Split 17,604 trial participants three ways by a frailty index and the cardiovascular benefit holds across all three. The frailty scores themselves moved too. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/frailty-did-not-change-the-answer) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Reduce Inflammation? hsCRP Fell 37.8% in SELECT Semaglutide cut an inflammation marker by 37.8% over 104 weeks, and the fall began before major weight loss and appeared in people who lost none. A marker is still not a mechanism. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-reduce-inflammation) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Fewer Diagnoses, Same Surgeries Tirzepatide came with fewer carpal tunnel diagnoses than other GLP-1 drugs. The operation rate did not follow. That gap is the more telling half of the result. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-carpal-tunnel-syndrome) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Crohn's Disease? Hospitalization Halved, Steroids Unchanged In 9,766 matched pairs, hospitalization at one year was 10.0% against 24.7%. The same study reports a six-fold mortality difference its authors say is probably not real. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-crohns-disease) - [Evidence ### BMI Above 30 and Type 2 Diabetes Drug Response: Weight vs HbA1c In 1,016 adults with type 2 diabetes, those starting above BMI 30 were likelier to reach 5% weight loss (27.2% vs 15.5% at six months), while HbA1c improvement was comparable. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-starting-weight-change-the-answer) - [Evidence ### How Many People Use Compounded GLP-1 Drugs? Records Catch 8.2% Primary care records documented compounded use in 8.2% of 153,044 patients, against about 23% in surveys. A compounded prescription leaves no structured record, so the true share cannot be counted. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-many-people-use-compounded-glp1-drugs) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Affect Breast Surgery? Implants Fared Worse, Flaps Did Not Implant failure had 1.70 times the odds in GLP-1 users, and breast reduction complications doubled from 1.3% to 2.6%. Free-flap reconstruction and cancer surgery did not show the same. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-affect-breast-surgery) - [Evidence ### Asthma Exacerbations on GLP-1 Drugs vs Other Weight Medications In 2,423 matched pairs of adults with obesity and asthma, exacerbations ran 1.7% on GLP-1 therapy against 4.0% on other weight drugs: a ratio of 0.438, or a 2.2-point difference. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-asthma-relative-and-absolute) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Prevent Contrast Kidney Injury? 8.7% Against 25.7% One retrospective cohort found a third the rate of kidney injury after coronary angiography. The outcome is defined by a creatinine rise, and creatinine itself came out at p = 0.084. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-prevent-contrast-kidney-injury) - [Evidence ### What Weight Loss Drugs Are There Besides Ozempic? Six Have Evidence Six obesity drugs have randomized evidence behind them and storefronts sell two. Across 56 trials and 60,307 patients, all six beat placebo, and only semaglutide and tirzepatide passed 10%. The cheapest respectable option reaches about eight. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-weight-loss-drugs-are-there-besides-ozempic) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Resistant Hypertension? The Pressure Matched Two fourth-line drugs lowered blood pressure by the same amount. One group then had a two-thirds lower risk of dying, which is a fact about who gets which drug rather than about the drug. No randomized trial has reported an outcome in this population. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-resistant-hypertension) - [Formats ### Who Qualifies for Semaglutide for Liver Disease? Fibrosis Stage F2 to F3 The liver indication is narrower than the phrase suggests. It covers fibrosis stages F2 to F3 without cirrhosis, and entry to it requires a test nobody can take at a checkout. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/who-qualifies-for-semaglutide-for-liver-disease) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Arrhythmia? Three Intervals, Two Cross One Pooled across ten tirzepatide trials, the odds ratios for arrhythmia all sat above 1. Only the broadest category cleared significance, and barely. Ten meta-analyses of the same drug class point the other way, and none of them reached moderate confidence. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-arrhythmia) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Make You Tired? Daytime Sleepiness Improved by 0.20 Points No randomized trial of this drug class reported fatigue as an endpoint, and the nearest measured proxy moved a tenth of the distance a person can feel. The mechanisms that would explain feeling tired were measured, but never as tiredness. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-make-you-tired) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Antipsychotic Weight Gain? 9.8% Off, Half Back In 26 people with schizophrenia on clozapine or olanzapine, semaglutide took off about 10.1 kg over 24 weeks. A year after it stopped, roughly half had returned. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-antipsychotic-weight-gain) - [Evidence ### Depression Risk on GLP-1 Drugs vs DPP-4 and SGLT2 Inhibitors In Medicare adults aged 66 and over with type 2 diabetes, the depression hazard ratio was 0.90 against DPP-4 inhibitors and 1.07 against SGLT2 inhibitors. Which one gets quoted depends on the comparator. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-depression-depends-on-comparator) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help COPD? Fewer Flare-Ups, Against One Comparator Against an older drug class, GLP-1 use came with fewer exacerbations. Against SGLT2 inhibitors the hazard ratio was 0.94, with an interval reaching 1.00. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-copd) - [Evidence ### Bone Mineral Density on GLP-1 Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes: 25 Trials Twenty-five trials found higher bone density at every site measured. The fracture interval runs from 0.47 to 1.36 — consistent with a halving and with a rise. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-bone-density-vs-fractures) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Kidney Stones? Nobody Has Run That Comparison Every published study ranks one diabetes drug against another. Stones ran at 21.3 per 1,000 person-years on a GLP-1 and 14.9 on an SGLT2 inhibitor. Neither figure is a risk. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-kidney-stones) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs in Psoriasis: Mortality, Heart Events and Substance Use A 3,048-pair cohort found lower mortality, fewer cardiac events and less alcohol and substance use. The mortality figure — a hazard ratio of 0.219 — is larger than any trial has produced. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-psoriasis-comorbidities) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Atrial Fibrillation? The Evidence Disagrees With Itself One ablation cohort found a hazard ratio of 0.82 for recurrence. Another found 1.04. A larger comparison found no advantage over a near-neutral drug at all. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-atrial-fibrillation) - [Evidence ### Why Isn't Obesity in Your Medical Record? One in Ten Had It Written Down 42,243 hospitalized adults all had a BMI of 30 or more on the chart. It reached the discharge summary for 10.6% of them, against 59.7% for diabetes. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/why-isnt-obesity-in-your-medical-record) - [Evidence ### Is Tirzepatide Better Than Dulaglutide? One Trial Is 92% of the Answer A four-trial network meta-analysis of 14,348 participants. One study supplies 13,165 of them. Every published difference is measured against tirzepatide 5 mg, not against dulaglutide. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/is-tirzepatide-better-than-dulaglutide) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide and Reproductive Hormones in Rats: A Pair-Fed Study A second group of obese rats was fed exactly what the treated ones ate, so it lost the same weight without the drug. The gap between those two arms is the molecule. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-reproduction-pair-fed-rats) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide and Cardiac Remodeling in HFpEF: A 50-Patient Echo Study Fifty patients, six months of tirzepatide, and every measured outcome moved the right way. BMI fell 5.8 kg/m² in the same period, and an echocardiogram reads a body as well as a heart. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-hfpef-reverse-remodeling) - [Evidence ### Bariatric Surgery vs GLP-1 Drugs on Cardiovascular Events Bariatric surgery beat GLP-1 drugs on every cardiovascular outcome in a 932,380-patient analysis. The drug side pools studies going back to 2000. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/bariatric-surgery-vs-glp1-cardiovascular) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Discounts vs Seller Disclosure: Dose Ladders and State Lists A page covered in struck-through prices reads as less trustworthy than a plain one. Discounting GLP-1 sellers publish a dose ladder more often, not less, and the reason is structural. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-discounting-sellers-disclose-less) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Storefronts Sharing One Application Build, Matched by Hash A group of GLP-1 storefronts serves a byte-identical application, matched by hash. A shortlist containing four of them contains one product configured four ways. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/eight-storefronts-one-application) - [Evidence ### Adolescent Suicidality on GLP-1 Drugs vs Lifestyle Intervention and Metformin In 9,222 matched pairs of adolescents, incretin drugs looked protective against lifestyle intervention and made no difference against metformin. Neither comparison found harm. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-adolescent-suicidality-comparators) - [Formats ### Advertised vs Billed GLP-1 Prices: Every Correction, by Type Most corrections to a published GLP-1 price exist for one reason: the advertised figure is not the billed one. A few exist because no figure could be published at all. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-advertised-vs-billed-corrections) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Gastroparesis? Thirteen Cases, and Two Opposite Findings Rarely: only thirteen cases of GLP-1-associated gastroparesis have ever been published. Two larger studies found the same drugs linked to fewer digestive symptoms, not more. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-gastroparesis) - [Safety ### Unexpected Pregnancy on a GLP-1: Why Weight Loss Makes It Likelier Weight loss restores ovulation, so unplanned pregnancy is a foreseeable consequence of these drugs working. Across 36 studies no consistent signal of harm has appeared — which is not the same as evidence of safety. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-and-pregnancy) - [Safety ### Semaglutide and Suicidal Ideation: The Large Matched Cohort Studies Regulators opened investigations after reports of suicidal thoughts. Four matched cohorts published since — covering millions of patients — have all pointed the other way, and none of them is a randomized trial. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-and-suicidal-ideation) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Change Your Sense of Taste? Scores Fell From 40.63 to 28.61 People on a GLP-1 scored far lower on a standardized taste test than matched controls. Smell was untouched, and the people with the worst side effects tasted best. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-change-your-sense-of-taste) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Thyroid Cancer? A Bound, Not a Verdict Across 437,077 patients the hazard ratio was 0.93, and the authors bound it: no more than a 31% increase in relative risk. For medullary cancer specifically, the interval runs from 0.37 to 3.86. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-thyroid-cancer) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Ulcerative Colitis? Remission Was 66.7% Against 25.3% One matched cohort of 150 pairs put twelve-week symptomatic remission at 66.7% against 25.3%, at an adjusted odds ratio of 5.90. Nobody was randomized, and no seller offers anything for this. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-ulcerative-colitis) - [Evidence ### Does a GLP-1 Affect Surgery Outcomes? Four Procedures, Four Different Answers It depends on the operation. Knee and neck surgery showed no difference, shoulder surgery's alarming signals vanished on adjustment, and spinal fusion went both ways depending on the database. 10 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-a-glp1-affect-surgery-outcomes) - [Evidence ### What BMI Do You Need for a GLP-1? The Cut-Off Is a Convention A trial in China and Taiwan enrolled people at a BMI of 24 to 30, below where the Western trials start. The cut-off is a guideline, not a boundary in a body. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-bmi-do-you-need-for-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### Smart Scale Body Composition on GLP-1 Drugs: Fat vs Muscle Lost Connected bioimpedance scales recorded a 9.8% median weight reduction on GLP-1 drugs, split 7.5% fat and 2.3% muscle, in people who weigh themselves for years. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-body-composition-smart-scale) - [Formats ### What Should a GLP-1 Provider Actually Do? Five Pillars A European specialist society set out what proper care around these drugs requires. It was not written about online sellers, which is what makes it useful against them. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-should-a-glp1-provider-actually-do) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Prevent Diabetic Foot Ulcers? The Database Cannot Say Diabetic foot took up half as much of the GLP-1 adverse event pile as of the comparison pile. That reads as protective until you notice what the method does. A reporting database can find harm appearing too often, and it can never find harm missing. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-prevent-diabetic-foot-ulcers) - [Safety ### GLP-1 Dosing Errors in FDA Adverse Event Reports Among the terms reported most often for these drugs are incorrect dose, extra dose and off-label use. Those describe what somebody did, not what the drug did. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-dose-errors-in-adverse-reports) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Improve Blood Vessel Function? The Same Number, Two Answers Blood-vessel function rose 0.11 against baseline and 0.11 against placebo. The first was significant and the second was not. Only the comparison changed. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-improve-blood-vessel-function) - [Evidence ### Frailty and Semaglutide in Heart Failure: The STEP-HFpEF Analysis Re-cutting 1,145 heart failure participants by frailty separated the weight loss from the symptom benefit. The frailest gained the most, and the fittest gained nothing measurable. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-heart-failure-frailty) - [Evidence ### Does Taking a GLP-1 Before Pregnancy Raise Preeclampsia Risk? The Studies Split Pooled, three cohorts showed no association. A JAMA cohort found 46% against 36% when the drug was stopped around conception, and a records study found 19.9% against 22.8%. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-a-glp1-before-pregnancy-raise-preeclampsia-risk) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs in Children and Adolescents: 18 Randomized Trials Pooled A meta-analysis pooled 18 randomized trials covering 1,402 children and adolescents aged six to seventeen. The pooled effects were modest, and the median treatment lasted about six months. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-in-children-all-eighteen-trials) - [Evidence ### Liver Cancer Risk on GLP-1 Drugs vs Other Diabetes Treatments GLP-1 starters had less liver cancer than users of four other diabetes drugs. Every difference lands under 0.6 percentage points, because the cancer is rare. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-liver-cancer-absolute-risk) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs in MASH: Deaths, Ascites and a Small Liver Cancer Signal In 168,733 matched pairs of adults with MASH, GLP-1 users had 2.2 fewer deaths per hundred. A liver-cancer signal cleared significance with a risk difference of zero, and the authors set it aside. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-liver-cancer-signal-dismissed) - [Evidence ### Are GLP-1 Drugs Bad for Your Liver? The Evidence Says Better Eleven trials found liver enzymes falling on these drugs. The authors then refused to rank the drug classes, and said they could not compare safety at all. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/are-glp1-drugs-bad-for-your-liver) - [Evidence ### Do You Lose Muscle on a GLP-1? And What Comes Back Is Fat Six to seven kilograms of lean mass goes during treatment. About 5.6 kg comes back after stopping, preferentially as fat. The scale can read the same either way. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-you-lose-muscle-on-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes With a BMI Under 27 A study found 39% lower all-cause mortality on GLP-1 drugs, then said in its conclusion that the number is probably confounding rather than benefit. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-mortality-authors-doubt-their-own) - [Evidence ### Mortality on GLP-1 Drugs in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Record Study A matched-record study found three quarters of deaths missing in GLP-1 users over two years. Randomized trials move mortality by about a fifth. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-mortality-in-hidradenitis) - [Safety ### Why Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Nausea? And Why It Does Not Predict Weight Loss The drugs act on a brainstem area that handles both appetite and nausea. In the trials, people with and without stomach side effects lost about the same weight. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/why-do-glp1-drugs-cause-nausea) - [Evidence ### High-Dose vs Standard-Dose GLP-1 Before Neck Fusion (ACDF) Surgery Neck fusion patients on a high-dose GLP-1 did no worse than those on a standard dose, across nine outcomes and two years. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-neck-fusion-high-dose) - [Evidence ### Can You Take a GLP-1 on Dialysis? 2,492 Patients, and No Trial A matched cohort of 2,492 pairs starting hemodialysis found mortality 17% lower on these drugs. Before it, the entire world literature was 388 patients, and no trial has enrolled anyone on dialysis. 10 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-a-glp1-on-dialysis) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Pancreatic Cancer? Six Comparators, Five Answers Against four rival drug classes the GLP-1 arm carried the lower hazard, and against SGLT2 inhibitors no difference. One of the six comparisons is printed in both directions in the same abstract. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-pancreatic-cancer) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Parkinson's Disease? Prevention and Treatment Disagree Across 82 pooled studies the risk of developing Parkinson's was lower, at a hazard ratio of 0.70. In people who already have it, motor symptoms did not improve at all. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-parkinsons-disease) - [Evidence ### Insulin Resistance in PCOS on GLP-1 Drugs: A Four-Trial Meta-Analysis Pooled across four small trials in PCOS, waist, BMI and testosterone fell. Insulin resistance, the reason these drugs are supposed to help, did not. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-pcos-insulin-resistance) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Prescribing to Children Aged 8 to 11: Who Gets Them GLP-1 prescriptions to children aged 8 to 11 rose 310-fold in seven years, from a base of 0.03%. The children getting them are the least socially vulnerable. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-prescriptions-to-young-children) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Price Spread Across Sellers: The Range and the Middle Half Published monthly GLP-1 prices for the same molecule run from the low double figures to the high hundreds. Most sellers sit nowhere near either end. 4 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-price-spread-across-sellers) - [Evidence ### Which GLP-1 Has the Worst Side Effects? It Depends on the Outcome Pooling 41,381 people, the two drugs looked alike on ordinary side effects and on quitting. Serious adverse events were 83% more frequent with tirzepatide. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/which-glp1-has-the-worst-side-effects) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Drugs and Rotator Cuff Repair Complications in Type 2 Diabetes GLP-1 users looked worse on three outcomes after shoulder surgery. Then the authors made the groups comparable and all three differences disappeared. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-shoulder-surgery-adjustment) - [Evidence ### Exenatide for Smoking Cessation: Five Subgroups From One Pilot Trial A small trial found exenatide added to a nicotine patch helped smokers quit. A secondary analysis then found five different groups it helped most, which is what exploratory subgroup analysis reliably produces. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-smoking-cessation-subgroups) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Affect Spinal Fusion Surgery? It Depends on the Operation These drugs look protective in one database, neutral in another and harmful in a third. Pooling it all gives an interval from 0.35 to 4.70. That is not an answer. It is a warning. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-affect-spinal-fusion-surgery) - [Evidence ### Atrial Fibrillation After Ablation on GLP-1 Drugs: An Umbrella Review Two meta-analyses of the same six trials published pooled hazard ratios of 0.58 and 0.78. Nothing separated them but the choices their authors made. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-two-meta-analyses-same-six-trials) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Prescribing After a Heart Attack or Stroke: Czech Registry Data Czech national registry data covered heart attack and stroke survivors with type 2 diabetes from 2015 to 2024. About 2 percent were started on a GLP-1 within a year, despite a guideline recommending it. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-uptake-after-heart-attack-stroke) - [Safety ### Do You Need Vitamins on a GLP-1? Over 60% Eat Below the Iron Requirement Across six studies and 480,825 adults, vitamin D deficiency reached 13.6% at twelve months. Most users ate below the estimated requirement for calcium and iron. The answer is a blood test, not a supplement aisle. 10 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-you-need-vitamins-on-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Gout? The Study Everyone Cites Cannot Say A 295,907-person comparison put gout at 7.8 events per 1,000 person-years on a GLP-1 against 4.9 on an SGLT2 inhibitor. Both arms were treated, so neither rate has a baseline to sit against. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-gout) - [Evidence ### Real-World GLP-1 Weight Loss: Discontinuation, Dose and the Trial Gap Weight loss on GLP-1 drugs in ordinary practice runs below the trial results and approaches them in people who keep taking the drug. Between a fifth and a half stop within the first year. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-weight-loss-in-ordinary-care) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Weight Loss Across 32 Trials: The 9.36% Average and Its Spread Thirty-two trials give a mean weight reduction of 9.36%. They also disagree with each other almost completely, which is the more useful number. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-weight-loss-pooled-average) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Dose Ladders: How Many Price Rungs Sellers Publish Publishing a priced dose ladder is a rare disclosure among GLP-1 sellers. Publishing one deep enough to reach the dose you will actually end up on is rarer still. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-deep-a-published-dose-ladder-goes) - [Formats ### Promotional GLP-1 Pricing: First-Month Rates, Codes and Struck Prices A fifth of published GLP-1 pricing notes carry the seller's own promotional language: a first month, an introductory rate, a code, or a struck-through figure nobody is charged. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-much-glp1-pricing-is-promotional) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Price Freshness: How Old Published Seller Prices Are Every GLP-1 price here carries the month it was read. This page counts how old those readings are, and what changed when the same prices were read a second time. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-old-is-the-price-you-are-reading) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Seller Disclosures: Does Publishing One Predict Another? A GLP-1 seller that publishes its full dose ladder is no likelier than average to publish the states it serves. Disclosure is a property of pages rather than of companies. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/is-seller-disclosure-a-trait) - [Evidence ### Is a GLP-1 Better Than Metformin? Nobody Has Run That Trial Across 93 trials, metformin had the largest reduction in cardiovascular events of any diabetes drug. It also had the least reliable evidence behind it. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/is-a-glp1-better-than-metformin) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Raise Testosterone? Not in the Trials That Measured It Five strategies for obesity-related low testosterone across 23 trials, and the significant increases belong to the other four. Weight loss still helps the condition. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-raise-testosterone) - [Formats ### How Do You Take Oral Semaglutide? Empty Stomach, and Little Water Oral semaglutide's bioavailability is about 0.4% to 1%, and only on an empty stomach with restricted water. Eat first and there is no measurable drug in the blood at all. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-do-you-take-oral-semaglutide) - [Evidence ### Oral Semaglutide vs DPP-4 Inhibitors and Cognitive Impairment in HFpEF In 246 elderly patients with heart failure, obesity and type 2 diabetes, new cognitive impairment was 77% lower on oral semaglutide. A 13,007-patient study of the same comparison found no difference. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/oral-semaglutide-cognitive-impairment) - [Evidence ### Oral Semaglutide 50 mg in East Asian Adults: 14.3% Weight Loss A 50 mg tablet produced a 14.3% mean weight reduction against 1.3% on placebo in 201 East Asian adults starting at 91.9 kg, at a dose several times the oral semaglutide already on the market. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/oral-semaglutide-fifty-milligrams) - [Evidence ### What Is Orforglipron? A Daily GLP-1 Tablet That Is Not a Peptide A small-molecule daily tablet, not a peptide. Over 72 weeks in 3,127 adults, weight fell 11.2% on the top dose against 2.1% on placebo. No trial has compared it against an injection. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-is-orforglipron) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Price Changes Between Two Readings of the Same Sellers Published prices from dozens of GLP-1 sellers were read a second time. Most figures had moved, most of them downward, and the typical change was not small. 4 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/rereading-glp1-prices) - [Evidence ### What New Weight Loss Drugs Are Coming? Retatrutide Leads at 22.1% Across 58 trials and 24,214 adults, retatrutide took off 22.10% of body weight and tirzepatide 19.28%. Only one drug on that podium can actually be bought. 10 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-new-weight-loss-drugs-are-coming) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Protect Against Dementia? A Predictor Moved Semaglutide slowed the rise of a 25-protein dementia risk score in SELECT participants. Nobody in the analysis developed dementia, or avoided it. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-protect-against-dementia) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Slow Aging? Three Clocks Moved, One Mouse Lifespan Did Median lifespan in female mice ran 834 days on semaglutide against 742 on vehicle. In people the strongest result is a biomarker over 32 weeks, and no trial has a prespecified aging endpoint. 10 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-slow-aging) - [Evidence ### Does Semaglutide Reduce Alcohol Use? One Trial Found a 13.7-Point Gap In a 26-week trial, yes: heavy drinking days fell 13.7 percentage points more than placebo. A register study found the benefit fades within a year of stopping. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-semaglutide-reduce-alcohol-use) - [Evidence ### Oral Semaglutide in Early Alzheimer's Disease: The evoke and evoke+ Trials Two phase 3 trials randomized 3,808 people with confirmed early Alzheimer's disease. At 104 weeks the estimated difference on the primary endpoint was -0.08, and both trials were discontinued. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-and-alzheimers) - [Safety ### Does Semaglutide Make Diabetic Retinopathy Worse? In One Trial, Yes A randomized trial found more retinopathy complications on semaglutide than on placebo, and the effect concentrated almost entirely in people who already had retinopathy, had poor glycemic control at baseline, and were being treated with insulin. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-semaglutide-make-diabetic-retinopathy-worse) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Heart Failure? Symptom Scores Rose 7.5 Points In one trial population, yes: semaglutide improved heart-failure symptom scores by 7.5 points and tirzepatide cut a composite endpoint by 38%. Neither number transfers whole. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-heart-failure) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide in MASH: ESSENCE Phase 3 Results at 72 Weeks At 72 weeks, steatohepatitis resolved in 62.9% on semaglutide against 34.3% on placebo, and fibrosis improved in 36.8% against 22.4%. In compensated cirrhosis, the one trial available found neither. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-and-liver-disease) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Migraine? Triptan Use Fell 7%, Which Is Not a Treatment A Danish register of 189,392 people found triptan dispensing fell after semaglutide was started. The effect is real, small, and sits inside a study design with no control group. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-migraine) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide and Cognitive Signs in Psychiatric Patients: 13,007 Records Semaglutide starters had fewer recorded cognitive problems than three comparator groups, and no significant difference from the fourth, sitagliptin, which was the closest match. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-and-recorded-cognitive-signs) - [Evidence ### Why Does Weight Loss Plateau on a GLP-1? The Drug Is Still Working Most people on tirzepatide plateaued between 24 and 36 weeks. At week 60 of a semaglutide trial, people still ate 269.5 kcal less than placebo, though they no longer felt it. 8 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/why-does-weight-loss-plateau-on-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide and Fracture Risk: Type 2 Diabetes vs No Diabetes Semaglutide was associated with fewer major fractures in people with type 2 diabetes and with no difference in people without it. The second group is most of the weight-loss market. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-fractures-diabetes-only) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Hidradenitis Suppurativa? Twenty People, No Control Group A small study reported that semaglutide improved every outcome it measured in a painful skin disease. Reading why that is not yet a finding is a skill worth having. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-hidradenitis-suppurativa) - [Evidence ### Can You Take a GLP-1 With Polycystic Kidney Disease? Not as a Treatment One matched study of 320 pairs found a higher eGFR on semaglutide and no rise in kidney injury. The eGFR is calculated from creatinine, which falls when muscle does, and reviews say it is not a treatment. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-take-a-glp1-with-polycystic-kidney-disease) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Six-Month Cohort and Its Phenotypes Pain, function and inflammation markers all improved over six months on semaglutide in 88 patients. There was no untreated comparison group, and the authors say so in their methods. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-knee-osteoarthritis-phenotypes) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide Lifespan Study in Female Mice: 742 vs 834 Days Semaglutide started late in life extended median lifespan from 742 to 834 days in female mice, and beat a calorie-restricted group matched to how much less they ate. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-lifespan-in-mice) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide Carbon Footprint: A UK Lifetime Emissions Model A disease model found semaglutide lowered lifetime carbon emissions in two UK populations and raised them in a third, because the people in it survived longer. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-lifetime-carbon-emissions) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide for MASH in Japanese Patients: The ESSENCE Subgroup Semaglutide resolved liver inflammation in 116 Japanese trial participants. On fibrosis, the endpoint the approval is written around, the interval ran from −11 to +26. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-liver-japanese-subgroup) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide and Handgrip Strength: A 12-Month Body Composition Study Over twelve months on semaglutide, skeletal muscle mass fell from 29.9 to 28.7 kg while handgrip strength held, and the metabolic slowdown matched the lifestyle-only group. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-muscle-mass-and-grip) - [Safety ### Semaglutide and NAION: Optic Nerve Risk in Diabetes vs Obesity A meta-analysis of six million people links semaglutide to optic nerve damage. In people taking it for weight rather than diabetes, the interval runs from 0.72 to 3.91. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-optic-nerve-by-indication) - [Safety ### Semaglutide Psychiatric Risk Meta-Analysis: Trials Pooled With Report Counts A meta-analysis found no significant psychiatric risk with semaglutide. It reached that by pooling randomized trials with tallies from a spontaneous reporting database. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-psychiatric-risk-pooling) - [Evidence ### Is a Higher Semaglutide Dose Worth It? Three Points, Four Times the Symptom A trial put semaglutide 7.2 mg against 2.4 mg in the same protocol. The higher dose bought three more points of weight, and nearly four times the rate of an unfamiliar nerve symptom. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/is-a-higher-semaglutide-dose-worth-it) - [Evidence ### Can You Trust GLP-1 Advice on TikTok? Likes Do Not Track Quality Four studies graded GLP-1 content on social media. The median video scored 2 out of 4 for saying who made it. Likes were a poor guide to accuracy. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/can-you-trust-glp1-advice-on-social-media) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide vs Sleeve Gastrectomy: Liver Stiffness Over 72 Weeks Sleeve gastrectomy took off more weight than semaglutide and improved liver stiffness no more than the drug did. Ninety-two people, nobody randomized. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-vs-sleeve-liver-stiffness) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Affect Fertility? 25 Men, and No Trial Measured Pregnancy The only randomized comparison in men enrolled 25 people and moved normal sperm morphology from 2% to 4%. In women the pooled trial evidence is 176 participants, none of them followed to conception. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-affect-fertility) - [Evidence ### What Else Comes Back When You Stop a GLP-1? Almost Everything Across eighteen trials, stopping reversed HbA1c, waist, blood pressure and fasting glucose as well as weight — and the rebound was roughly twice as large after semaglutide as after liraglutide. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-else-comes-back-when-you-stop-a-glp1) - [Evidence ### Telehealth Semaglutide and Tirzepatide Program: 12.3% at 24 Weeks A single-arm telehealth program produced 12.3% weight loss in 24 weeks. Alongside the prescription, it supplied a behavioral program, a connected scale and a blood pressure cuff. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/telehealth-glp1-program-trial) - [Formats ### Tirzepatide Dispensing by Dose in Japan: National Claims Data Japan publishes national dispensing quantities for every strength of tirzepatide. Doses of 7.5 mg and above went from 13.0% of the mix to 24.0% in ten months. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-dose-mix-in-japan) - [Evidence ### Switching to Tirzepatide and Liver Fibrosis Scores: 182 Patients Switching to tirzepatide improved a fibrosis score only in the patients whose scores were worst to begin with. That is a real effect or regression to the mean. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-fibrosis-worst-group) - [Evidence ### SUMMIT Trial Composite Endpoint: Tirzepatide in HFpEF, Broken Down Tirzepatide cut a composite of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure by 38%. Almost all of that was the heart-failure half; the death half went the other way, on thirteen events. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-heart-failure-composite) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide 2.5 mg vs 5 mg in Japanese Adults Without Diabetes Tirzepatide at 2.5 mg matched 5 mg on weight loss over six months in 112 adults. Patients picked their own dose, which is why the comparison cannot settle it. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-low-dose-self-selected) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Major Adverse Liver Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes In a matched analysis, tirzepatide and semaglutide showed nearly identical rates of major adverse liver outcomes. The reason to believe the null is that both beat a third drug in the same analysis. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-vs-semaglutide-liver) - [Evidence ### UBT251 Triple Agonist: First-in-Human 12-Week Weight Loss Trial The GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor agonist UBT251 produced large early weight loss in its first human study. The 12-week clock is why that number cannot be set beside the drugs you can buy. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/triple-agonist-first-in-human) - [Evidence ### Stopping Semaglutide in Type 1 Diabetes: Time in Range After Withdrawal Adults with type 1 diabetes lost about an hour a day of good glucose control in the twelve weeks after semaglutide stopped. Low blood sugar did not change. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/type-1-diabetes-stopping-semaglutide) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Seller State Coverage: Who Publishes Where They Ship Publishing the states served costs nothing and cannot go stale. A count of how many GLP-1 sellers publish a state list, and how wide the ones that do reach. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/who-publishes-the-states-they-serve) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide vs Liraglutide After Bariatric Surgery: Weight and Lean Mass Pooling eight studies and 557 patients, semaglutide outperformed liraglutide by 4.15 points at a year. The body-composition figures include a bone density reduction whose interval reaches zero. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-after-bariatric-surgery) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Kidney Cancer? Trials Say Probably Not Across 48 trials the kidney cancer odds ratio was 1.12, graded as little or no effect. One cohort's 1.38 signal and two drug-versus-drug comparisons point different ways. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-kidney-cancer) - [Safety ### Gallstone Risk on GLP-1 Drugs: Weight-Loss vs Diabetes Trials Across 76 randomized trials the pooled risk ratio was 1.37. In the thirteen weight-loss trials it was 2.29, and that is the subgroup everyone buying from a telehealth seller is in. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-and-gallbladder-disease) - [Evidence ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Help Knee Pain? Yes, and Read the Placebo Arm Semaglutide cut WOMAC pain by 41.7 points. Placebo plus diet and activity counseling cut it by 27.5. The drug's own share is the 14.2 between them. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-help-knee-pain) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Cause Pancreatitis? Risk and Warning Signs Overall risk and recurrence are different questions. Studies disagree in people with pancreatic disease, and severe persistent pain needs prompt assessment. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-cause-pancreatitis) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Affect Sex Drive? Nobody Has Run That Trial The weight-loss trials did not measure libido or erectile function. What exists is a reporting signal, a cohort analysis pointing the other way, and case reports. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-affect-sex-drive) - [Evidence ### Tirzepatide Sleep Apnea Trial (SURMOUNT-OSA): AHI Results at 52 Weeks SURMOUNT-OSA measured breathing events directly rather than weight alone. The reduction was large, the population was severe, and a year is not the whole question. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-and-sleep-apnea) - [Safety ### Residual Stomach Contents on GLP-1 Drugs: A Gastric Ultrasound Study After identical fasting instructions, 56 percent of GLP-1 users had food still in the stomach against 19 percent of others. Pausing the drug for longer did not help. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-before-surgery) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Sellers Billing Every Four Weeks: Thirteen Charges a Year Some GLP-1 sellers bill every four weeks rather than by the calendar month. That is a thirteenth charge a year, roughly an eight percent premium, and it never appears on the price tag. 4 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/glp1-four-week-billing-cycles) - [Evidence ### Are GLP-1 Drugs Safe for Teens? The Trials, and What Is Outside Them A 16.1 percent BMI reduction over 68 weeks, and 73 percent reaching five percent weight loss. The endpoint is BMI, not weight, and five participants developed gallstones. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/are-glp1-drugs-safe-for-teens) - [Safety ### Do GLP-1 Drugs Work in Menopause? The Subgroup Nobody Reported Women were 79% of one trial population at a mean age of 46, and no published trial has reported outcomes by menopausal status. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/do-glp1-drugs-work-in-menopause) - [Evidence ### Semaglutide Lean Mass in the SMART Trial: −2.5 kg, Interval Crossing Zero In a prespecified SMART trial analysis, the lean-mass change on semaglutide was −2.5 kg with a confidence interval that crosses zero. Lean mass is also not the same thing as muscle. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/muscle-loss-on-glp1) - [Formats ### Oral Semaglutide 25 mg: OASIS 4 Trial Results at 71 Weeks A 71-week randomized trial put the 25 mg tablet at −13.6% body weight against −2.2% on placebo. Three quarters of the treated group had gastrointestinal side effects, and compounded orals are not this product. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/oral-semaglutide-what-the-pill-does) - [Evidence ### FLOW Trial: Semaglutide 1.0 mg in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease A 24 percent reduction in major kidney events, with every secondary outcome agreeing, in a trial stopped early at an interim analysis. The dose was 1.0 mg, the diabetes dose, not the one sold for weight loss. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-and-kidney-disease) - [Safety ### Does Semaglutide Cause Vision Loss? The Signal Sits in Diabetes One eye center counted 20 cases of sudden optic-nerve damage among 979 semaglutide patients against 3 on the comparator. Pooled across 5,916,559 people, the association holds in diabetes and not in the weight-loss group. 9 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/does-semaglutide-cause-vision-loss) - [Evidence ### Cochrane Review of Semaglutide for Obesity: 18 Trials Graded A 2025 Cochrane review pooled eighteen randomized trials. The weight figure is high certainty and smaller than the marketing, and almost everything else is graded lower. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/semaglutide-cochrane-review) - [Evidence ### GLP-1 Withdrawal Trials: STEP 1, STEP 4 and SURMOUNT-4 Compared Three randomized withdrawal studies measured what happens after the drug stops. In the STEP 1 extension, participants regained two thirds of the loss within a year. 7 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/stopping-glp1-and-weight-regain) - [Safety ### Tirzepatide and Oral Contraceptive Levels: 55 to 66% Lower Peaks A single pharmacokinetic study found tirzepatide cut peak contraceptive hormone levels by up to 66% and total exposure by around 20%. Those two numbers mean different things. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/tirzepatide-and-oral-contraception) - [Evidence ### How Long Does Nausea Last on a GLP-1? Through the Escalation The first twenty weeks are where the dose climbs, where the side effects cluster, and where a dose-priced seller starts charging more. 6 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/how-long-does-nausea-last-on-a-glp1) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Seller Disclosure Gaps: Dose Pricing, State Coverage, Formats Across several hundred GLP-1 sellers, a count of how many publish nothing about dose pricing, nothing about state coverage and nothing beyond a single format, and why silence is not the same as concealment. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/what-glp1-sellers-do-not-publish) - [Formats ### GLP-1 Sellers That Publish a Dose Price Ladder, Counted A minority of GLP-1 sellers print three or more rungs of a dose price ladder. Far fewer state that the price scales at all, and the two groups are not the same sellers. 5 min read](https://thisglp.com/research/who-publishes-a-glp1-dose-ladder)